[Nosocomial urinary tract infections: etiology, risk factors and antimicrobial pattern in ghaem university hospital in Mashhad]

Nosocomially acquired urinary tract infections [NAUTIs] are common infections in the hospital setting. Since the bacterial spectrum of NUTIs is extensive and the antibiotic resistance is common, we decided to study the incidence of etiology, antibiotic resistance and risk factors of [NAUTIs] in Ghaem University Hospital in Mashhad, Iran from 2009 to 2012. The Present study is based on the isolation-identification and determining the antibiotic resistance pattern of [NAUTIs] from 2009 to 2012. Demographic data of patients regarding age, gender, symptoms and signs were collected by a valid questionnaire. Among 647 patients with nosocomial infection, the prevalence of NAUTI was 102 [17.2%] during this period. The most frequently isolated micro-organism was Candida spp [20.9%], followed by Escherichia coli [16.3%], Klebsiella sp [15.4%], enterococci and acinetobacter [14.5%]. Among antibiotic resistant bacteria, [53.8%] of E. coli were resistant to ampicilin and cefepim. Acinetobacter showed 66.6% resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Among the isolates, approximately 46% had multidrug resistance to three or more agents and effective antibiotics for treatment of UTIs were nitrofurantoin and norfloxasin in this study

Contamination of a dental unit water line system by Legionella Pneumophila in the Mashhad school of dentistry in 2009

Dental unit waterline system is considered potential source for contamination with Legionella species. The aim of this study was to determine if contamination of a dental unit water line system by Legionella pneumophila serogroup1 in the Mashhad School of Dentistry occurred in 2009. A total of 52 dental units were selected from all clinical departments of the Mashhad School of Dentistry. Samples of water were collected from outlets of water/air spray, high-speed dental hand pieces and water cup fillers. Samples were tested via the ELISA method. At the beginning of the work day, a total of 36.1 percent of dental units were contaminated by Le-gionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Infection control of the dental unit water line system regarding legionella in the Mashhad School of Dentistry is a challenge and engineering controls should be used in contaminated clinics

[ comparison between the bacteria flora in tonsils' surface and center in patients undergone tonsillectomy]

Chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy is known as subclinical infection of the tonsil's parenchyma and has various clinical presentations. The absolute cure is tonsillectomy. Since the microorganisms indwelling the central part of tonsils play an important role in chronic tonsillitis, getting to know these germs is of essential importance. This study was performed on fifty four [29 boys and 25 girls, 3-15 years old] candidates for tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy, referring to Ghaem Hospital through 2007-2008. The aerobes and anaerobes of the tonsils' surface and center were analyzed by smears and appropriate cultures. The most common aerobe on either the surface or centre of tonsils was Streptococus. viridans, and the next common one was Staphilococus aureous. No significant difference was observed between cultured organisms in tonsils' surface and center. Among the anaerobes gram negative cocci, [Villonella] and gram positive cocci, [Peptostreptococcus] were respectively the most common. Using appropriate techniques, we can specify much more easily the microorganisms of tonsils' center by surface sampling

Prevalence of genital chlamydia in Iranian males with urethritis attending clinics in Mashhad

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease which can cause severe consequences. Effective prevention requires knowledge of prevalence of infection in order to target interventions in a cost-effective manner. To determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection in Mashhad, northeastern Islamic Republic of Iran, this study was performed among male patients with urethritis. Urethral discharge was collected from 150 patients. Cell culture was established for diagnosis of Chlamydia in genital specimens. Cell culture showed that 9.3% of patients in this study were infected with Chlamydia. This study provides strong evidence that prevalence of Chlamydia in our region is quite high, which necessitates screening and treatment for the infection

level of antibody against Chlamydia trachomatis among patients with genital infections in Mashhad

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease which can cause severe consequences. Appropriate preventive requires knowledge of epidemiology of infection in different population in order to target interventions in a cost-effective manner. In this study prevalence of C. trachomatis infections were determined according to some parameter in Mashhad. In this study serum from 76 patients with STD were examined by ELISA and IFA for C. trachomatis. Statistical evaluation was done using SPSS program. ELISA showed that 11 and 3 patients with IgG and IgM against C. trachomatis, respectively. IFA analysis showed that 1 patient had titer of 1/32, 6 patients with 1/64 and 3 patients with 1/128. One female patient showed titer of 1/256. This study provides strong evidence that Chlamydia prevalence in our region is significantly high which necessitate screening and treatment. It is, therefore, suggested that detection test for chlamydial genito-urinary infections become a routine part of STD investigations

[Bacterial contamination of eye cosmetics before and after use in Iran]

The possibility that cosmetic products may act as vehicles for pathogen transfer is a major health concern. The risk of this occurring is higher with cosmetics used around eyes, which could be responsible for a number of infectious diseases. This study was performed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of these products in Iran and also to study factors that predispose to bacterial contamination. We examined a total of 290 samples, including 145 eye mascara lashes and 145 eye marker, for bacterial contamination. The products were then used by volunteers under actual in-use conditions for 4 weeks. Before, during and after use, the products were evaluated for microbial contamination by using standard methods for identification. More than 14.5% of the unused eye mascara were contaminated while about 2.7% of eye markers showed contamination before use. Bacillus spp. and coagulase negative staphylococci were the most commonly recovered bacteria. Contaminations of in-use samples were significantly higher than unused samples. Contamination was relatively common and presents a potential health hazard. The high level of microbial contamination among unused samples emphasizes quality control during manufacture, packing, and preservation

[Antibacterial susceptibility patterns among E.coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Ghaem University Hospital, Mashhad]

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common cause of the admission patients' to the hospital and clinics. Because the side effects of UTI emergency treatment is very important. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Mashhad. We studied specimens collected from patients during 1 year period. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer method against 9 common antibiotics and the date were analyzed by SPSS software. During this period 6024 urine samples were examined of which 1472 had positive culture, Escherichia coli with the frequency of 33% were the leading uropathogen. About 97% of isolated E.coli was resistance to Ampicillin. Resistance rate against other antibiotics was also high. Considering antibiotic susceptibility pattern for E.coli which is the most common uropathogen, it seems that antibiotics like Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazol should be used cautiously for treatment of E.coli UTI; instead other antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin can be recommended

[Evaluation of chromogenic media compared to traditional culture methods for presumptive identification of entrococci from urine specimen]

Entrococci is a clinically important pathogenic bacterium in UTIs. CHROMagar orientation is a recently method for rapid, easy and economic isolation and identification of entrococci. This study compares the chromogenic media with traditional methods for presumptive identification of entrococci from urine specimen. We evaluated 240 gram positive cocci from urine specimens. These isolated microorganisms were inoculated on CHROMagar orientation and were presumptively identified according to manufacturer instruction. The identity of all isolated microorganisms was then confirmed by conventional identification tests and compared with the results obtained from CHROMagar orientation. In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of CHROMagar orientation to identify entrococci, solely, were 100% and 40.8%, respectively. Although CHROMagar orientation was rapid and sensitive method for identification of entrococci in urine culture, CHROMagar orientation alone appeared not to be very specific for entrococci and needed to be combined with other tests for greater exclusivity. So, CHROMagar orientation media is not recommended for routine usages in medical laboratories in Iran

[Nasopharyngeal carriage rate of Moraxella catarrhalis among children under 6 years of age in Mashhad city and antibiotic-resistance pattern in Moraxella catarrhalis isolates]

Nasopharyngeal colonization of Moraxella catarrhalis were in young children may be important so in this study the nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Moraxella catarrhalis were among children was surveyed in Mashhad. This cross sectional study was performed from Jan 2005 to Feb 2006. 1161 healthy children aged under 6 years attending day-care centers in Mashhad city were studied. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected by sterile swabs and then inoculated on selective agar. After 24h incubation microbiological tests were performed and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done. Of 1161 children 572[49.3%] were boys and 589[50.7%] were girls and the mean age was 4.2 years. Moraxella catarrha liswere recovered from 54 [4.65%]. The rate of resistance to at least one antibiotic was 35.2%, 100%, 68.51%, 46.30%, 00%, and 74% to Co-timoxazol, Penicillin, Erythromycin, Cefixime, Amoxicillin clavunic acid, Amoxicillin respectively. Although the rate of the carrier nasopharyngeal Moraxella catarrhalis in the Mashhad city was low [4.65%], the resistant rate to the antibiotics was high. In order to avoid of excessive antibiotic use and subsequently high rate of resistance, enough education not only to the physicians but also general population is necessary

[Prevalence and Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenza among healthy children in Mashhad]

Nasopharyngeal colonization of Haemophilus influenza in young children may be important so in this study the nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenza among children was surveyed in Mashhad. The study included 1161 healthy children less than 6 years of age. Nasopharyngeal swabs from these patients were cultured, and Haemophilus influenza were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was determined using disk diffusion. The carriage rate of Haemophilus influenza was 10.76% [125/1161]. High antibiotic resistance was observed against commonly administered antibiotics like Penicillin [82.4%], ampicillin [70.4%], Amoxicillin [79.2%] and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole [71.2%]. It was found that 68.8% and 42.4% of isolates were susceptible against erythromycin and cefexim, respectively. H. influenza isolates from healthy Children in Mashhad had high resistance rates against ampicillin, Sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim and some other antibiotics. So antibiotic susceptibility investigations are important for choice of therapy in every acute respiratory tract infection. And further monitoring of antibiotic resistance among nasopharyngeal H. influenza as a surrogate for invasive H. influenza seems an attractive option

[Isolation and identification of Pasteurella spp. in the upper respiratory tract of healthy and unhealthy Holstein [dairy calf pneumonia] calves]

To compare Pasteurella spp. isolates of the nasopharyngeal cultures in healthy and unhealthy Holstein [dairy calf pneumonia] calves. Case control study. Sixty Holstein calves from two weeks up to six-month-old in dairy farms of Mashhad Suburb were selected. In the affected calves, the clinical findings were recorded and nasopharyngeal swabs were also taken. Apparently healthy calves were chosen from the same farm as control. T-test, Mann-Whitney and chi-square. Clinical findings including respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and illness index scores were significantly different between healthy and unhealthy calves [P<0.05]. Differences between the isolation rates of various pathogens from healthy and unhealthy calves were evaluated by contingency table Chi-square analysis. Pasteurella multicida was isolated more frequently from nasopharynx in affected group than in control one [P<0.05]. Mannheimia hemolytica was isolated more frequently in affected ones than controls. However, its difference was not significant [P>0.05]. Results indicate that Pasteurella multicida was isolated more frequently from nasopharynx in affected calves than in control group. However isolation of Mannheimia hemolytica was not strongly associated with respiratory disease

[ prevalence of nasopharyngeal streptococcal pneumonia carriers in Mashhad day care children and their antibiotic resistance pattern]

Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of communityacquired bacterial respiratory tract infection. It is also a major cause of acute otitis media, bacteremia and meningitis. There are few data on antibiotic- resistant streptococcus pneumonia in Iran. The aim of our study was to determine prevalence of nasopharyngeal carrier of streptococcus pneumonia and their antibiotic resistance pattern in children. This cross sectional study was performed from Jan 2005 to Feb2006 .1161 healthy children aged less than 6 years attending day -care centers in Mashhad city were studied. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected by sterile swabs and then inoculated on selective agar. After 24h incubation microbiological tests were performed and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done. of 1161 children 572[49.3%] were boys and 589[50.7%] were girls and the mean age was 4.2 years. Streptococcus pneumonia was recovered from 102 [8.78%]. The rate of resistance to at least one antibiotic was 100%, 80.4%, 48.3%, 43.13%, 40.79%, 18.62%, 22.5 5% to Co-trimoxazol, Penicillin, Erythromycin, Cefixime, Amoxicillin clavunic acid, Amoxicillin respectively. Although the rate of the carrier nasopharyngeal pneumococci in the Mashhad city was low [8.7%]. The resistant rate to the antibiotics was high. In order to avoid of excessive antibiotic use and subsequently high rate of resistance, enough education not only to the physicians but also general population is necessary

[Surveillance of bacterial contamination in Ghaem hospital during 10 years [1370 to 1350]]

Nosocomial infections become one of the most serious problems in hospitals. In ghaem hospital very good activities were performed concerning infectious control and prevention. These activities should be evaluated to improve performance and strategies. This surveillance was conducted in ghaem hospital through 1370 to 1380 to determine the efficacy of infectious control activities. Results will suggest the better strategies and recommend new policies. In this surveillance during 1370 to 1380 samples were taken from different parts of ghaem hospital. Results were classified in 4 groups: People, therapeutic instruments, non-therapeutic things and spaces. The results were recorded on specific forms and were statistically analyzed. During this 10 Years [1370 to 1380] 4028 samples were taken from hospital. From 4028 samples, 1874 samples [%46.52] were pathogenic bacteria, through those staphylococcus coagulase negative, klebsiella pneumonia,...were most frequent bacteria. Through other samples [2154 samples], 1133 samples were sterile and 1021 samples were nonpathogenic bacteria. Rate of contamination during this period from 1370 [%73.4] to 1379 [%28.3] was descending. Concerning the results of this study and other parameter, the most important and contaminated source of nosocomial infection in hospital were people [patients and healthcare workers] but people were the least frequently sampled part and spaces that had the least significant role, were the most frequently sampled part. So more attention should be paid to people. Prevalence and type of bacterial contamination in each part of hospitals depend on various factors. These factors are very important for choosing efficient infectious control policies in that part. Good performances of infectious control programs have reduced contamination rate in ghaem hospital very significantly

Antimicrobial activity of garlic extract against shigella

Some beliefs suggest that garlic is an excellent natural antimicrobial drug that can be considered as an alternative form of treatment or prophylaxis in gastrointestinal infections. The purpose of this study is to determine quantitative antimicrobial activity of garlic against Shigella by detecting the MIC. Garlic extracts were obtained and dilution susceptibility assay was used to determine the antibacterial properties of these extracts. All tested isolates of Shigella were susceptible to garlic extracts, and no one showed resistance to garlic extracts. These and many other research works propose garlic as a strategy for a low-cost intervention with few side effects and complete lack of resistance for prophylaxis and remedy of shigellosis in populations at high risk, particularly where antibiotic resistance and the risk of reinfection are high